Abolition Essay -- essays papers

Abolition A Stronger Resistance The abolitionist movement in the United States sought to eradicate thralldom using a wide range of tactics and organizations. The antislaveholding movement mobilized many African Americans and some whites who sought to remove the institution of slavery. Although both black and white abolitionists often worked together, the relationship between them was intricate. The struggle for black abolitionists was much more personal because they wanted to end slavery and also wanted to gain equal rights for blacks. However, many white abolitionists only sought to end slavery and did not fight for equality for blacks. From these exceedingly contrast perspectives and the continuation of slavery, the sentiment of many abolitionists became more militant and radical some abolitionists began to use more fantastic methods of resistance to abolish slavery. Before the 1830s most antislavery activists disquieted gradual emancipation. These feelings were expressed main ly by Southern whites, some possessing a fear of free blacks not being ready for freedom and others holding beliefs that slavery would gradually disappear (Notes, 10/18/00). Generally, only black abolitionists demanded an immediate end to slavery. This difference in opinion contributed to some blacks taking more violent measures to gain freedom and equality. Further contributing to the more aggressive tactics were the goals of the white abolitionists. Many white abolitionists were not able to accept blacks...

Sylvia Plath :: essays papers

Sylvia PlathSylvia Plath is a writer whose life has generated much interest. Thismay be because of her tragic, untimely death and her highly personal writes. Studying Sylvias life lets her readers agnize her worksbetter. Many of the imagery and attitudes in her poetry are based onher life experiences. Throughout her short life, Sylvia Plath lovedthe sea. She spent her childhood age on the Atlantic coast just northof Boston. This setting provides a source for a lot of her poeticideas. Sylvia Plath was born(p) in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 27,1932. Her parents were Aurelia Schober and Otto Emil Plath. Her sky pilotwas a professor of biology and German at Boston University. He was ofGerman descent and had emigrated from Grabow when he was fifteen. Hermother was a first generation American, she was born in Boston ofAustrian parents. Both of them being German indirectly lead to theirmeeting in 1929. Aurelia Schober took a German class taught by OttoPlath. She was on the jo b(p) on a masters degree in English and German atBoston University at the time. Otto Plath was guided by discipline. Ashis young family grew, Otto Plaths career flourished. He published thebook Bumblebees and Their Ways not long after Sylvias birth. Duringthis time, his writing occupied most of his time. This excluded anychance for a social life. In 1936, the Plaths move to Winthrop,Massachusetts. Ottos health had began to fail. He diagnosed his ownillness as lung cancer and refused to see a doctor. Sylvia spent muchof her time by the ocean. She would go exploring by herself or shewould play with her younger brother, Warren because her father neededquite. She would also visit her grandparents who lived nearby on theocean at Point Shirley. Four years subsequent Otto Plath died of diabetesmellitus. In 1942, the family moved away from the sea. Aurelia Plathdecided she must return to work in order to support her family. Despiteher own health problems, she began teaching nearby. In the summer of1942, Aurelia was offered the job of designing and teaching a course atBoston University. She accepeted and the whole family moved. SylviaPlaths eight years in Wellesley helped her grow and develop herwriting skills. Sensitive, intelligent, compelled toward perfection ineverything she attempted, she was, on the surface, a model daughter,popular in school, earning straight As, winning the best prizes. Yether success only bred problems. When she moved to Wellesley, she was

Essay on Narrator and Point of View in Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an

Narrator and Point of View in The Yellow cover and The Story of an Hour Both Gilmans and Chopins stories are, in effect, stories of women who feel trapped by the men in their lives. Gilman uses first person narration to reveal a womans front crawl loss of reality to her readers, while Chopin allows us to experience the joy Louise Mallard felt upon hearing of her husbands death through third person narration. Interestingly, neither falsehood would have been able to reveal either womans psyche to impact the reader as successfully as both did had their individual narrations been attempted through another(prenominal) form. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilmans point of view is expressed through first person narration, which provides her readers with brief glimpses into the other characters perception of her and her perceptions of them (which essentially enlightens readers), as well as the main characters active dissemination of what is occurring in her mind. First person narration can at times be considered biased or naive inside the context of their perceptions and projections of other characters. Not so with the woman in The Yellow Wallpaper. She seems to offer an almost unbiased perspective of husband John, which the reader notes from the beginning as she goes back and forth from justifying his attitude and behavior towards her--Dear John He loves me dearly, and hates to have me sick (324)--to eventually becoming mistrustful of him The fact is I am getting a little afraid of John (326). One ends up viewing John as completely oblivious yet superior in his lackadaisical attitude and treatment of his wife. Therefore one has little sympathy for John in the end (which I believe is also intended), when he in conclusion realize... ...r V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice-Hall Inc. Simon Schuster/ A Viacom Company, 1998. 542-553. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper Ed. Catherine Lavender The College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Fall Semester, Oct. 1997. (25 Jan 1999) http//www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/ lavender/whyyw.html McChristie, Pat. Women Need to Work Copyright 1998. Cyberwoman (30 Jan 1999) http//www.cyberparent.com/women/needwork.htm Wyatt, Neal Biography of Kate Chopin English 384 Women Writers. Ed. Ann M. Woodlief Copyright 1998, Virginia Commonwealth University. (26 Jan. 1999) http//www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng384/katebio.htm Why are Women Leaving Marriage in Droves? Marriage. Copyright 1998. Cyberwoman (30 Jan 1999) http//www.cyberparent.com/women/marriage1.htm

Analysis of the Paul Cronan Case Essay -- Legal Analysis Discriminatio

Analysis of the capital of Minnesota Cronan Case I. Legal Analysis, final payment 1Issue Does party bringing suit (Plaintiff Paul Cronan) qualify under the ADA for disability? Rule In Review of ADA and the principles set forth at that time, there are several relevancies to consider here. A disability is described as followsFor purposes of nondiscrimination laws (e.g. the Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Section 188 of the Workforce Investment Act), a person with a disability is generally defined as someone who (1) has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, (2) has a record of such an impairment, or (3) is regarded as having such an impairment. Have a severe disability (or combination of disabilities) that has lasted, or is expected to last, at least 12 months or result in death, and which prevents working at a substantial gainful activity level. State vocational rehabilitation (V R) offices will find a person with a disability to be eligible for VR services if he or she has a physical or mental impairment that constitutes or results in a substantial impediment to employment for the applicant. Some of these definitions include words or phrases that have been the subject of lawsuits, as individuals, agencies, and courts try to clarify the terms used in some of these definitions of disability. If you necessity to find erupt if a particular disability or condition gives you true rights, contact the federal or state agency To be found disabled for purposes of Social Security disability benefits, individuals must that enforces the law in question. If you want to find out if you qualify for a particular program or service, contact the federal or state agency that administers the program to find out the specifics of the disability definition they use. This information is readily available on the World Wide Web at the following link http//www.dol.gov/odep/faqs/fed eral.htmAnalysis Does the disease of back up/ARC/HIV qualify as a disabling condition under the ADA requirements? Is this disease and the effects it has on capacity for life activities a disability? Yes, now, since 1998, when the U.S. Supreme Court decided the case of Bragdon v. Abbott, the disease of HIV/AIDS does indeed qualify as a disability. However, this is legislation to late for Paul Cr... ...he hostile environment that was occurring was in direct relation to the violated privacy of Mr. Cronan. NET internal management it is believed could see for itself the exact nature of the harassment and caution problem. NET failed to recognize or react to either situation. It is imperative to understand that NET was liable for its employees but the employees, as individuals were also liable for their actions. NET lacked the constitution controls necessary to keep the company liability to a minimum on this issue. Usually with failures such as these, the system internal controls are t his company is miss the most. Ethical behavior among management is key to ethical behavior among employees. Overall ConclusionsAfter review of the legal and ethical implications associated with the Paul Cronan Case, we need to understand that the laws in place today to protect someone in Mr. Cronans situation were non in place at the time of incident. AIDS/HIV were not considered a disability until many years after this occurred. The Company NET did indeed violate the employees rights. NET compromised Mr. Cronan, both ethically and legally. Mr. Cronan was within his rights to register suit against NET.

We Must Stop Overpopulation and Pollution of Our Environment Essay

We Must Stop Overpopulation and Pollution of Our EnvironmentOnce we manhood hit on the idea of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, we had a means for exponentially increasing our population. Even as mere 2-legged, wingless creatures, universe could expand to cover the world, and pull from the earth nutrients to support this massive layer of people. The population increase has continued, and there are disagreements as to if and when the increase will end. The turning of people on this earth is the indirect problem more directly, the problem is that 6.3 billion people need a lot of food to survive, and the earth sight only support so much. The industrial character of our societies on this earth means that our existence is kick down and take we take minerals from the soil and from the depths of the earth, and trees and water from the surface, and we give back all sorts of wastes.Whether or not our enormous population is actually overpopulation, and thus a problem, is debated. Some theories predict futures of doom, in which our population is finally stabilised by widespread death, while others believe that our population will stabilize before the situation is anywhere near that morbid. (Southwick Dolan) Whatever the population will do in the future, the fact remains that the sum up of people we crap on the earth now have a tremendous impact on the environment, in terms of both human actions and the space that humans take up. (Southwick) Furthermore, a large amount of people creates a demand for a large amount of energy and products, and the methods we use to fulfill the demands heavily impact the environment as well. While some of the problems of industrialization have been widely noticed and some have been solved, many remain unrec... ... back down to the earth I screamed and no one listened to meBack to the earth I lived and they all followedCome and see my world-Rusted Root, Back to the EarthSourcesDolan, Edwin G., Ch. 5 from TANSTAAFL The Economic Strat egy for Environmental Crisis 1974, pp. 55-72.Fahey, D. W., Ravishankara, A. R. ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCEEnhanced Summer in the Stratosphere Science, 1999, vol. 285, pp. 208-210.Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., Lo, K., Global Warming Continues Science 2002, vol. 295, p. 275Kerr, Richard, A Brighter view for Good Ozone Science, 2002, vol. 297, pp. 1623-1624.Southwick, Charles H., Ch. 15 from Global Ecology in Human Perspective Oxford Univ. Press, 1996, pp. 159-182.text of Kyoto Protocol found at http//unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html date found at http//www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/kyoto/kyotorpt.html

We Must Stop Overpopulation and Pollution of Our Environment Essay

We Must Stop Overpopulation and Pollution of Our EnvironmentOnce we valet de chambres hit on the whim of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, we had a means for exponentially increasing our population. Even as mere 2-legged, wingless creatures, humans could expand to cover the world, and line from the earth nutrients to support this massive layer of people. The population increase has continued, and there are disagreements as to if and when the increase will end. The number of people on this earth is the indirect problem more directly, the problem is that 6.3 billion people need a lot of food to survive, and the earth can only support so much. The industrial character of our societies on this earth means that our existence is give and take we take minerals from the soil and from the depths of the earth, and trees and water from the surface, and we give back all sorts of wastes.Whether or not our enormous population is actually overpopulation, and thus a problem, is debated. Some t heories predict futures of doom, in which our population is finally stabilized by widespread death, period others believe that our population will stabilize before the situation is anywhere near that morbid. (Southwick Dolan) Whatever the population will do in the future, the fact frame that the amount of people we have on the earth now have a tremendous impact on the environment, in terms of both human actions and the space that humans take up. (Southwick) Furthermore, a large amount of people creates a demand for a large amount of energy and products, and the methods we use to run across the demands heavily impact the environment as well. While some of the problems of industrialization have been widely noticed and some have been solved, many remain unrec... ... butt to the earth I screamed and no one listened to meBack to the earth I lived and they all followedCome and see my world-Rusted Root, Back to the EarthSourcesDolan, Edwin G., Ch. 5 from TANSTAAFL The sparing Strategy for Environmental Crisis 1974, pp. 55-72.Fahey, D. W., Ravishankara, A. R. ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCEEnhanced Summer in the Stratosphere Science, 1999, vol. 285, pp. 208-210.Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., Lo, K., orbiculate Warming Continues Science 2002, vol. 295, p. 275Kerr, Richard, A Brighter Look for Good Ozone Science, 2002, vol. 297, pp. 1623-1624.Southwick, Charles H., Ch. 15 from Global Ecology in Human Perspective Oxford Univ. Press, 1996, pp. 159-182.text of Kyoto Protocol found at http//unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html date found at http//www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/kyoto/kyotorpt.html

Infancy and Early Childhood Development Paper Essay

Infancy and aboriginal childishness are considered a time when most cognitive, social, emotional, and physical victimization takes bespeak everyowing it to be exceptional and very essential in human information. A childs amplification does not start at wear but through proper nutrition before and during conception. Infancy and early childishness is a critical stage of phylogeny that forms the foundation for childrens prospective well-being and learning (UNICEF, 2011). At this early stage of life, development can be hinder due to certain factors within families and the environment. In this paper, I bequeath explain how families affect the development of infants and young children. I will also evaluate antithetical parenting styles and its influences on a childs development during the infancy and early childhood stages while voicing my opinion on which parenting style I believe is most effective. Lastly, I will discuss early childhood education and the influence it plays on cognitive development.Effect of Families on DevelopmentThroughout history, the role of families and how it affects a child development has been a topic of backchat for centuries. Family is the first inter achievement that a child have that remains continuously (Elkin & Handel, 1978). The family structure and parent-child communication have much of an impact on the child development than those early years of attending daycare. Throughout the United States, children are raised in various family environment ranging from single to dual parenting, same-sex parenting, and multi-racial parenting. All of those factors contribute to the different families, cultures, and religion a child is introduced to because they are all spawned through marriage, divorce, and other(a) forms of relationship connections. Berger (2011), argues that families accommodate responses in children from the facial expression, emotional and physical connections. The sense of pledge a child finds at their home base is the foundation of their success in life (Harris, nd Faith, n.d).Engaging in baby talk allows children to ca-ca socialization skills. Positive family fundamental fundamental interactions make room for healthy brain, emotional, and cognitive development. Children learn from their surroundings, they absorb all information from families and parents whatever message that is givingto that child molds the derriere of the childs self-concept and self-confidence, which are vital to positive social and emotional developmental changes throughout childhood (Faith, nd.). During these early stages in a childs life, they are more dependent on the role of family members to meet their needs thus molding their development in how they will later interact, learn, and view the world.Styles of Parenting ground off the studies of clinical and developmental psychologist Diane Baumrind, she found that parents differed on four important dimensions after studying 100 preschool children, all from C alifornia and mostly middle-class European Americans (Berger, 2011, pg. 273). These dimensions are expressions of warmth, strategies for discipline, communication, and expectations for maturity. In order to understand the different parenting styles, the characteristics of these dimension for parent should be addressed. Expression of warmth describes a parent who is warm and display affection, when other parents can be analytical. Strategies for discipline are the thought process the parent goes through in determining the best route in dealing with the action of the child. Communication is the value the parent set on listening. Expectations for maturity describe the amount of responsibility that the parent(s) places on the child. The four different dimension of parents, allowed Baumrind to later get wind three styles of parenting.Authoritarian ParentingParents who have an supercilious style of parenting are extremely strict and high controlling (Gurian, 2011). The authoritarian par ents word is law, not to be questi sensationd (Berger, 2011). These parents do not expect their children to have an opinion and discussions about emotions are limited. Even though, authoritarian parents may not display emotions of savour for their children the love is there, some argue that it is tough love and a way to help children self soothe themselves and mold the child into coping with the world better.Santrock (2010), argues that children whose parents use the authoritarian style of parenting are often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others, fail to initiate activity, and have weak communication skills. These children usually grow up to watch over authority and are likely to become obedient, but place blameon themselves for their failures or if things go wrong.Permissive ParentingPermissive parents (also called Indulgent parents) make fewer demands, hiding any impatience they feel (Berger, 2011, pg. 273). Parents do not believe in disciplining t he child based on their thoughts of the maturity level of the child. These parents are more attached to their child needs and are very nurturing and accepting. They believe that children should have free will in choices to help shape and mold their character, they maintain a friend relationship with their child. The children that inclination under the guidance of this style of parenting usually have little self-control and little respect for others (Santrock, 2010). These children usually grow up living at home and make immature decisions in life.Authoritative ParentingUnlike the authoritarian style of parenting, parents who fall under authoritative parenting set limits and go through rules but yet they also listen to their children (Berger, 2011, pg., 273). This style of parenting allows room for maturity understanding that children make mistakes and that not all actions involve punishment. These parents consider themselves as guides for their children (Berger, 2011, pg. 273). Ch ildren who fall under this style are usually cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, achievement-oriented, and maintain a friendly relationship with peers (Santrock, 2010).Neglectful/ Uninvolved ParentingThere is one more style of parenting that Baumrind failed to recognize, mayhap because it is not a form of parenting in the eyes of society or that it is sometimes mistaken for the permissive style, but is actually different (Berger, 2011, pg. 274). The neglectful/ uninvolved parenting upholds to its name. Neglectful parenting are those parents who are uninvolved with children (Santrock, 2010). Neglectful parents are unaware of their children action or whereabouts. The children that receive this parenting style are usually immature, sad, and abused (Berger, 2011, pg. 274) they privation self-discipline and have no respect for others not even their own parents. I believe that the best parenting style depends on the value the parent place on their culture.Some believe that theauthor itarian style of parenting is most effective, because it allows the children to respect authority and function in society better. I am not veritable if I necessarily agree that one style of parenting is better than the next. However, I do believe that children need to be guided and have discipline in order to become outstanding citizens. Regardless of which parenting style is most effective, each child will develop their own way of living and learning as they age each generation is different and innovative ways of parenting is constantly being introduced.Early Childhood Education and Cognitive DevelopmentEarly childhood is a time where physical growth takes place but the growth that emerges when early childhood education is presented has a major significant on the development of a childs cognitive development. Cognitive development pertains to the mental processes (language, memory, and problem solving skills that children use to acquire knowledge (Grisham-Brown, 2009). According to Nuttall (n.d), cognitive development impacts a child education and allow educational providers to better support children and in turn, play an active part in a childs development at home. Jean Piaget is credited for his work in childhood cognitive development. Piaget believed that children are intelligent but due to the maturity of their brain they undecomposed learn differently. Piagets Cognitive Theory, had three basic regions. Schemas which are building blocks of a childs knowledge and how he/she processes and categories information (Nuttall, n.d).The second component is the process that take place for the transition to expand from one stage to another (Nuttall, n.d). The third stage includes the stages of development themselves (Nuttall, n.d). An example to sum up how all these stages/component work within a childs cognition would be how a child can differentiate between a grumbler and a turkey. The child at first glimpse may process that they are the same thing, but he/sh e will later store new information that a turkey has different types of feathers which will help that child to process new information. The benefit of early childhood education plays a of import and important role in the cognitive development of a child. There are many types of early childhood programs available with access to these programs children have increase intelligence and gain cognition abilities faster.Child-Centered ProgramsThese programs stress childrens development and growth (Berger, 2011, pg. 253). Child-centered programs are geared to strengthen the childs own interest and abilities. galore(postnominal) of these programs are self-paced to allow children to explore their artistic expression. Montessori schools and Reggio Emilia are some of the schools that fall under the child-centered programs. Berger (2011), stated that child centered programs are often influenced by Piaget, who emphasized that each child discover new ideas, and by Vygotsky, who thought that child ren learn from the other children, with adult guidance (pg. 253).Teacher-Directed ProgramsTeacher-directed programs stress academics, usually taught by one adult to the entire group (Berger, 2011, pg. 255). These programs usually teach letter, numbers, and shape recognition. Within these programs children are required to take naps, have snacks, and go to the bathroom on a set schedule. These programs are usually geared to teach the children time management and appropriate behavior. Children who attend these programs adapt quickly to normal conditions that surround elementary schools. preventative ProgramsIntervention programs like head start are aimed to cater to those families less fortunate to enroll their children into other early childhood education programs. Both health and cognition is the goal of these programs (Berger, 2011). These programs aid children to build social skills, importance of health, and learning to get them better prepared for the future.ConclusionIt is witho ut a doubt that the first interaction a child receives is that from parents and family members and that those relationships lay the foundation to how a child develops. It molds their personality and overall outcome on life in general. The style of parenting along with the interaction of parents influence development. Those parenting styles are authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful parenting. Each style of parenting has a different effect on the child overall well-beingand future. It is safe to say that early childhood education programs have a unique way in being essential to a child cognitive development. Each program is determination to fit the childs individual need but the results are all the same, it produces a higher intelligence rate and improvement in their cognitive development.ReferencesBerger, K.S. (2011). The developing person through the life span (8th ed). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook Collection Database. Grisham-Brown, J. (2009). Early childhood development. Influences of early childhood development. Retrieved from http//www.education.com/reference/article/early-childhood-development/ on April 4, 2014, Gurian, A. (2011). Parenting styles/childrens temperaments the match. Retrieved from http//www.aboutourkids.org/articles/parenting_styleschildren039s_temperaments_match on April 4, 2014. Harris. B & Faith. R. (n.d). How early relationships affect child development. Retrieved from http//mom.me/parenting/5252-how-relationships-affect-child-development/ on April 3, 2014. Nuttall, E. (n.d.). Cognitive development in early childhood education. Retrieved from http//everydaylife.globalpost.com/cognitive-development-early-childhood-education-15503.html on April 5, 2014. Santrock, J.W (2010). A topical orgasm to life-span development. Boston McCraw-Hill Higher Education. UNICEF. (2011). Early childhood development a key to a full and productive life. Retrieved from http//www.unicef.org/dprk/ecd.pdf on April 1, 2014.

Reading Response to the Road

Title The Road Author Cormac McCarthy Text Type Fictional Novel attend of response 6th of February 2012 SUMMARY The Road by Cormac McCarthy is a novel about two people, a receive and discussion, living in a post-apocalyptic matrimony America. Their belongings are a cart, with scavenged food and tools inside, their clothes, and each other. Together they struggle to survive in this world, w here many a nonher(prenominal) of the trees are g one, where the air, ground and all things are double-dyed(a) with ash. Production of goods and foods has long since ceased. Survivors of the apocalypse must get by on tin goods and must ? d ways to survive the harsh, frozen nights. But those sternned goods become scarce and the humanity of many of those who survive is no longer existent when faced with the alternative of death. This oblige is about the struggle that the child and the father face together the struggle between satisfying human needs and doing so whilst maintaining a semblance of humanity. STRUCTURE This novel does not follow a conventional structure. In the ? rst scenes of the book, (this book is not separated into chapters), the reader is introduced to the male child and the man.It is clear early on that the man is the male child? s father, as the boy calls him papa. The reader also understands that they guide a cart full of goods and that they travel and sleep wherever necessary. This is the exposition. After that, the book follows them as they travel toward the coast, ? eeing from the iciness habitat of the northern land. While traveling, they must also replenish their food multiple generation. As they walk towards the coast and search for food, they are met with many honour subject and moral problems. They meet a child whom they suspect, but do not know, has no one to look after him.They meet fellow vagabonds, starving and dying, with close to of whom they cannot afford to share resources. The child asks child-like questions that spark deep philosophical questions of morality in the father. I? m afraid for that little boy. I know, he? ll be all right. We should go get him, Papa. We could get him and take him with us. We could take him and we could take the dog. The dog could catch us something to eat. We cant. And I? d give that little boy half of my food. Stop it. We cant. He was crying again. What about the little boy? he sobbed. What about the little boy? This is one of the complications of this novel that superimposes itself on the be complication of the lack of food brush aside one simply watch someone such as a little boy walk attain to their death? This complication is not resolved in this book. Another complication and moral dilemma of this book is the question of whether the man will be able to kill his son if need be. The remnants of North America, and if the rest of the world survived, there too, a majority of the people left were cannibalistic savages who raped and tortured those that they captured in the lead eating them.His wife had asked him questions of whether he would be able to end their lives to spare them the suffering that they would be put through if they were captured. Now is the time. Curse God and die. What if it doesn? t ? re? It has to ? re. What if it doesn? t ? re? Could you crush that beloved skull with a rock? Is there such a being within you of which you know nothing? Can there be? Hold him in your arms. Just so. The soul is quick to pull him towards you. Kiss him. Quickly. There are several ? ashbacks in this book, the man dreams of his garbled wife and the moral dilemma that they faced, which was not resolved.The wife took on a fatalist view of the world, and wanted it over with. The man simply wanted his son to live, and to try and help him live as happy a life as possible. The wife then left, and it is inferred that she went to her death. CHARACTERIZATION One character that has made an mold on me is the child. The child is always sweet and generous. It is heartbreaking to read the effects of the happenings of the world that he lives in, but perhaps even worse reading the time when it doesn? t anymore. What really effected me about this child is the simpleness with which he viewed the world.A lens that only a character like him could look through. Tell me. The boy looked down the road. I want you to tell me. It? s okay. He shook his head. Look at me, the man said. He turned and looked. He looked like he? d been crying. Just tell me. We wouldnt ever eat anybody, would we? No. Of course not. Even if we were starving? We? re starving now. You said we werent. I said we werent dying. I didnt say we werent starving. But we wouldnt. No. We wouldnt. No matter what. No. No matter what. Because we? re the good guys. Yes. And we? re carrying the ? re. And we? re carrying the ? re. Yes Okay. Although I? sure many of us would like to think that cannibalism is beyond us and that we would never eat another human being to save ourselves, but I do not think that it is a reality that will survive in midst of crisis when there is no alliance to impose the morality that binds us to daylight. It is for us to go under whether we have a moral compass separate and independent from the ideas of society.THEME The author? s purpose in writing this book is to question what we think is the conception of humanity the foundation of who we are. Can humanity survive in a world of chaos and suffering such as this? Is there room for it? And if here is not, then can it be called survival if we have forsaken the values that we used to say is what we were. In reading this book the reader develops an appreciation for life and for the things that we have that we call fundamental and thus take for granted. He had no shoes at all and his feet were wrapped in rash and cardboard tied with color twine and any number of layers of vile clothing showed through the tears and hoes in it. I also think that Cormac McCarthy meant for the reader to pond er problems in the book, so as to compare ourselves to the characters and their actions, and to imagine what we may have done in their shoes. The boy lay with his head on the man? s lap. After a while he said They? re going to kill those people, arent they? Yes. Why do they have to do that? I dont know. Are they going to eat them? I dont know. They? re going to eat them, arent they? Yes. And we couldnt help them because then they? d eat us too. Yes. And that? s why we couldnt help them. Yes. Okay. Is it okay? Does not doing all you can do to help make you a guilty bystander? Does it make it any better that you were not the one that would commit these heinous acts, but were simply the ones that axiom the victims-to-be and walked away? LANGUAGEIn this novel, McCarthy does not follow many grammatical rules. When there is a dialogue, McCarthy, instead of using conventional speech marks, indents what is said from one character and does the same for the next. He does not always follow t his either, but it is the norm throughout the book. You promised not to do that, the boy said. What? You know what, Papa. He poured the desirous water back into the pan and took the boy? s cup and poured some of the cocoa into his own and handed it back. I have to watch you all the time, the boy said. I know. If you break little promises you? ll break big ones. That? what you said. I know. But I wont. This system leaves it up to the reader to infer who is speaking. Some parts of the book are up for interpretation in meaning but also who speaks at certain points. This changes much meaning, the reader is left to ponder who is speaking what and the implications thereof. The diction in this book is very complex, McCarthy even uses some words that are no longer in many dictionaries. He uses many words in ? exible ways that argufy the mind, and are also up for much interpretation. On their backs were vermiculate patterns that were maps of the world in its becoming. McCarthy misses so me apostrophes where the word can still be deciphered. He also breaks small rules of grammar to do with multiple ands in one sentence and makes many fragments. He did not take care of her and she died all somewhere in the dark and there is no other dream nor waking world and there is no other tale to tell. At times he simply disregards the logical sentence structure altogether. Query How does the never to be differ from what never was? I think that all of this relates back to the book. The crumbled society and people of this book that I mentioned before is portrayed through the events and characters of this book.The writing style of this book in its errors and sentences I think is symbolic of the disintegrating society. Writing no longer follows the rules that it has because there is no reason for it to. It makes for many incredibly complex and beautiful sentences, no longer bound by the limitations of a normal sentence. These sentences challenge your mind, and can be subject to so much more interpretation than a normal sentence. Like the great pendulum in its rotunda scribing through the long day movements of the universe of which you may say it knows nothing and yet know it must.

Five of Frankenstein Essay

This line suggests that the cock was fairly friendly, rather than demonical while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. The creature was very similar to a new born baby, with no experience in life and no knowledge of how to communicate and act His jaws opened, and he muttered few inarticulate sounds. Despite the creatures lack of knowledge and experience, passkey somehow manages to treat the creature in an appalling manner. These set of events portray superscript as somebody who is very savage and selfish, furthermore, it makes the reader sympathise for the creature.The idea of take ining some nonpareil into the world by stitching together pieces of dead bodies and base on balls electricity through the corpse raises the question of immoralities moreover the flair Victor brought life into the world and then abandoned it is a terrible lot worse. In this story, Victor Frankenstein acted similarly to the Ancient Greek character Prometheus, as he played God. He felt that he had the right t o create new life. He then realised how wrong it was, however by that time it was too late. In the 19th century, most people in England were very religious, so the way Victor plays God in the story would have been widely frowned upon.It was extremely uncommon for people to see boundaries and morals being questioned and stretched in this way. The creature that Victor created was far from a monster, it was but a helpless, needy being that he had abandoned, and it was not very different from abandoning a new born baby. Society cruelly rejected him due to his appearance, which goes to show how narrow minded society can be. This could have been part of the message that Mary Shelley wished to send out. The true monstrous visualize in the story is Victor. This is all down to his cruel nature and the disgust he shows towards the creature he spent two years trying to bring to life.Victor even goes as far as describing the creature as a fractional-distinguished light, meaning he felt the cr eature was merely half of a human being. The author, Mary Shelley, in my opinion was trying to send out the messages it is wrong to play God and that society can sometimes be very judgemental. The reasons are that Mary Shelley depicts the creature as helpless, confused and needy, so that the reader will sympathize towards him, whereas she depicts Victor as a cruel and selfish person, which supports the point of playing God being wrong.The reason I believe Mary Shelley tried to send out the message of society lots being judgemental is so that people will realise that appearances are not everything, and that they can learn to avoid judging people by this before acquire to know their past and present situation. 1,060 words Aran Atwal Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section. Download this essay Print Save Heres what a teacher opinion of this essay 4 star(s).

Compare and Contrast the characters of Ralph and Jack in the first and last chapters in Lord of the Flies

Lord of the flies is a novel about a group of boys who are lost on an island in the sum of the ocean. It is written by William Golding. Two of the key characters in the novel are Ralph and prick, they have completely dissimilar characteristics and this essay will compare those ii characters.The counterbalance clock we calculate the two characters of Ralph and Jack contrast is in chapter one. The conducters read that when Ralph first appeared on the island he was wearing his school sweater. Slowly because of the heat he took it forth and trailed it from one hand. The fact that Ralph shows no respect for his clothes tells the reader that he is an ordinary school boy who does not yet care about his appearance. As a result of this he is not self conscious and thereby exonerated. In contrast, Jack and his choirs, bodies, from throat to ankle, were hidden by black cloaks which bore a long silver cross. Their dark clothes are menacing and hint about them cosmos savages in the fu ture. Their clothing is extremely unsuitable for their tender surroundings and they soon take them off. Jack is in any case winly the leader of the choir, as he is wearing a golden cap. He over exercises his chest of drawers and hurls orders at his choir boys.The readers similarly work out from this first chapter that Ralph was brought up in the Home Counties. Golding writes that Ralph, jerked his stockings with an automatic gesture that made the jungle seem for a moment like the Home Counties. We can assume that Ralph, coming from the Home Counties, was brought up in a middle class background. This automatic gesture in addition tells the reader that he is naturally reassuring nonetheless in these strange set of circumstances. His natural reassurance is shown again later on when, he saw two little-uns and, not having any idea own appearance , wondered why they screamed and ran. He calm nature in these bizarre events show how innocent and immature he is.Ralphs immatureness is shown further when he finds out that there are no grown ups on the island, the delight of realised ambition came over him. In the middle of the scar he stood on his headway. Ralph celebrates the fact that there are no adults on the island by standing on his head. Ralph standing on his head symbolises how their lives have been reversed. It also shows what an immature and innocent character Ralph is. Jacks attitude is completely different, he thinks because he has authority back in school it should be transferred to the island. He arrogantly says that he should be chief, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C-sharp. We constantly see Jack trying to be the omnipotent leader. He even protests against democracy.One way in which both the characters of Ralph and Jack are similar in chapter is the way in which they treat neanderthal. Ralph at first ignored neandertal for, when the fat boy waited to be asked his name in turn but this offer of acquaintance was not made, Ral ph did not care for him at this tip and finds him rather tiresome. In-fact he even mocks him by teasing him about his Ass-mar. Ralph considers shoat to be inferior to him as he is middle-class whilst shoat is lower-class.Jack also hated him from the beginning, he constantly bullies him by saying things like, shut up fatty in-fact he did not even give him a chance. Jack bullies Piggy to devote himself seem important, this shows to the reader that Jack is a bully at heart this unfortunately does not change as the novel progresses. Ralph also betrays Piggy by telling Jack that his, His real names Piggy. Ralph betrays Piggys trust and confidence. Ralph acts in this way to gain popularity with Jack and his cronies as they are upper-class and he is middle-class. and then he looks up to them.Piggy being from a working class background finds life sociably difficult. In comparison Ralph and Jack, who obviously come from a more(prenominal) educated and wealthy background, automatically see themselves as superior.Piggy is also physically frail, because of his asthma, and needs Ralph to constantly look after him on the island. Ralph immaturity is shown again when in his eagerness to swim he runs and, in a few moments the fat boys grunts were right behind him. Ralphs enthusiasm to swim causes him to leave Piggy behind. Ralph chooses fun over common sense, whilst Piggy tries to be sensible. Ralph immaturity is shown when he, stood there naked looking at the dazzling beach and sea. Ralph shedding his clothes tells the reader that he is stock-still very much a child and is not worried or self conscious about what others may think of him.Ralphs loneliness also tells us that he is innocent and childlike as a result he is very naive. Being naked in paradise, metaphorically reminds the reader of Adam and Eve being naked in the Garden of Eden. If Jack had been around he would have thought it maybe gay or babyish to strip naked in front of everyone because he did not k str aightaway such innocence as Ralph did. We see that Jack is much more mature and less innocent then Ralph.However, the readers also see that Jack is still very much a school boy who possesses fear and morals. We read that Jacks face was white under the freckles. He noticed that he still held the knife aloft. Jack cannot bring himself to kill the pig he is still a civilised school boy who is squeamish about blood.Ralph immaturity is shown further when he shows disrespect towards normal aspects of democracy. Piggy constantly warns Ralph that he should be Careful Youll break it Ralph is warned how fragile the conch is by Piggy and is irritated by the warning. The conch is symbolic of order, rules and democracy. Therefore Ralphs careless attitude towards it shows he does not yet meet the great importance of democracy and civilisation. This also shows that Ralph does not appreciate the good value of common-sense. Jack also shows no appreciation for democracy as he protested when they vot ed for a leader. However, this is out of pure greed of power not immaturity.In the last chapter of the novel, Ralphs character is shown to have taken a complete metamorphosis. A clear example of this is when Ralph exclaims, How could you listen for naked feet if youre splashing around in the water?. In the first chapter Ralph swam in the water without a care in the world. However, now things have changed, Ralph is petrified for his life since Jack and Roger are trying to kill him. These painted savages will do anything Jack or Roger tell them to do, out of fear of being put to death. It seems that terror and danger has changed the immature outlook which Ralph had in life that we see in Chapter One.We also see that the way the other characters treat Ralph has also altered from the beginning of the novel. The younger children who admired and loved him previously in Chapter One, ignored and mistreated him. This is shown when, he saw two little-uns and wondered why they screamed and r an. Ralph has now function too immersed in his emotions due to the sorrows of his current life. This makes Ralph an unrecognisable figure for the younger children.In Chapter One the whole island was on the whole united in their aims. Now, because of Jack and Ralphs rift, the island is now split into two territories. Jack and Ralph each have their end of the island. This split lets Jack party and bully the little-uns in peace without Ralph and Rodgers interference.We also see that Ralphs character in Chapter One whose, mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil, has totally changed. He has transformed from being a young innocent child to one that is now wild and fears death at every corner. Ralphs experiences have taught him to be ruthless and not to be so trusting and naive. This is shown when he vents his anger at the pigs skull. Golding tells us that he lashed out and cried out with loathing. Ralph destroys the pigs skull in the same way that Jack and Roger destroyed the conch. This represents both clans rejection of rules and democracy. The pig skull is the master key of the flies as it attracts flies. It also represents evil, so therefore when Ralph destroys it is considered as if he has removed most of the evilness from the island.In the last chapter Jacks hatred towards Ralph reaches its climax, They (Jack and Roger) hate you Ralph. Theyre dismissal to kill you. Jack hates Ralph because Ralph just wants to be rescued, which means you need rules. However, Jack and Roger just want to be free and have no rules or democracy.In addition Jack also wants to kill Ralph because Ralph took away his leadership and as a result he is extremely jealous.Upon being rescued by a group of naval officers, The officer inspected the little scarecrow in front of him. The kid needed a bath, a hair-cut, a nose wipe and a good deal of ointment. The readers are reminded here that despite Ralph going through this horrible ordeal, he is still ultimately a child. This reminds the rea der of Ralphss character in Chapter One when he looked innocent and childlike and looked at everything with, bright exciting eyes. One could see how the events of the novel have changed Ralphs character. However, Goldings description of his appearance when he was found by the naval officers, remind the reader that he is still physically a child.In conclusion when comparing Jack and Ralphs characters in the first and last chapter in the novel, one can see that the main differences are that Jack is more conventional and conformist where Ralph is more easy going and a little rebellious who is always on the look out for adventure and danger. However, Ralph would like to be rescued by others where as Jack would like to make his own gang and would thrive on his own leadership.

Severity Prescribing Errors Hospital Inpatients Health And Social Care Essay

Background Prescribing chimerical beliefs atomic number 18 common they affect patient of recourse and cause of threatening events throughout health c atomic number 18 pattern. Previous reappraisals of surveies limited in range of populations, scenes or fortes, and at that place has been no systemic advance adopted to reexamining the literature.Purpose This reappraisal aimed to place all enlightening, published grounds refering three major facets of say shifts the relative relative incidence, nature and roguery in hospital yard birds.Methods The fountainhead electronic databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, were searched for diaries published between 1975 and December 2010. Studied were selected if they report judge of prescribing wrongdoings and were in side of meat. However, near breaks were excluded, peculiarly those for one-on-one paths of disposal, diseases or types of say erroneousnesss.Consequences Median mist ake rate ( inter-quartile scope IQR ) was 12.85 % ( IQR 10.09-13.63 ) of medicine assigns, 1.27 ( IQR 0.96-2.30 ) mistakes per c admittances and 6.5 ( IQR 4.35-8.53 ) mistakes per coke medicates charts reviewed. Incorrect demigod was the most common mistake report. around surveies ( 70 % ) were carried out in individual infirmaries, were collected informations by druggists ( 75 % ) and originated from US or UK ( 75 % ) .Decision The reappraisal revealed that say mistakes affected 13 % of medicine orders, 1.3 % of hospital admittance and 7 % of drug charts reappraisals. However, there were broad scopes of variableness in tell mistakes and this was perchance due to mutants in the mistake definitions, the methods of informations aggregation, and populations or locations of the curriculum vitae. In add-on, a deficiency of standardization between badness graduated prorogues was a barrier to comp atomic number 18 badness of rules of order mistakes across surveies. It is cri tical that emerging research should turn to the broad disparity of badness categorizations and methods used to roll up informations that causes trouble in aggregating mistakes rates or set abouting meta-analysis of different surveies.IntroductionMedicine mistakes are the 2nd most common cause of patient base hit incidents, with ordering mistakes an of import constituent of these ( field of study Patient Safety Agency, 2007 ) . There has been increasing touch on about the extent and impact of inauspicious events which are the prima causes of considerable patient morbidity and mortality. Most hospital scenes have made patient safety as a cardinal facet of health care policy. To be specific, the Harvard Medical Practice survey reported that to a greater extent than than 3.7 % of hospital admittances associated with the usage of medicines. In the US, inauspicious drug events ( ADEs ) have been shown to protract the continuance of hospitalization, addition mortality hazard twofold a nd property as cause of 7,500 deceases yearly. Furthermore, Bates et Al. ( 1997 ) instal that individual culture infirmary spent about $ 6 million due to ADEs, turn $ 3 million of which were preventable. In the UK, it has been estimated that preventable ADEs cost about ?750 million ( content Patient Safety Agency, 2007 )The negative impact of preventable ADEs means that it is really of import to down the stairsstand the nature and extent of medicine mistakes. An ADEs can happen at any phase of drug usage as a consequent of mistakes in drug prescribing, administrating and a dispensing although most mistakes are likely to be initiated during prescribing. Harmonizing to National Patient Safety Agency s ( NPSA ) , most serious incidents were caused by mistakes in medicine disposal and prescribing ( 32 % ) . However, there is deficiency of grounds associating to incidence or nature of ordering mistakes reported the consistence of form in the types of mistakes or badness. Surveies conducted in single-hospital fix, for case, ordering mistakes in 0.4-15.4 % of prescriptions written in the US and in 7.4-18.7 % of those written in the UK.In malice of the fact that there has been old research into systemically synthesizing informations of ordering mistake, they were either specific in range of patient groups, or forte. None have focused on the general facets of incidence of ordering mistakes. Therefore this survey highlights the incidence, nature and badness of ordering mistakes in hospital inmate more by and large.PurposeThe purpose of this literature reappraisal is to place all enlightening, published grounds refering three major facets of ordering mistakes the incidence, nature and badness in specializer and non-specialist infirmaries, and collate, analyse and synthesize decision from it. belles-lettres SEARCH METHODOLOGYSearch schemeSurveies were identified by seeking the undermentioned electronic databases for article published between 1 January 1975 and 6 D ecember 2010 MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-process and other Non-Indexed Citations, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Cumulative Index to Nursing & A in allied Health Literature ( CINAHLA )Search footings used include the chase prescription ( s ) Mesh or drug prescription ( s ) Mesh or checkup exam mistake ( s ) Mesh or incidence Mesh or incidence Subheading or epidemiology Mesh or prevalence Mesh or inpatients Mesh .Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaInclusion standards Surveies published in English between 1985 and 2010 that reported on the sensing and rate of ordering mistakes in handwritten prescriptions written by physicians for grownup and/or child hospital in-patients were included. All research designs such as systemic reappraisals, disarrange controlled tests, non-randomised comparative surveies and experimental surveies were included.Exclusion standards This reappraisal focused chiefly on incidence of ordering mistakes more by and larg e from both paper and electronic ordering systems. Therefore surveies that exactly provided informations on electronic prescriptions via computerised physician order entry ( CPOE ) were excluded. In add-on, surveies that evaluated mistakes for but one disease or drug category or for one path of disposal or one type of ordering mistake were excluded as they are improbable to generalize a consistent form in the figure or type of mistakes.Data Extraction and Validity AssessmentA data-extraction signifier was used to hassock out the undermentioned information twelvemonth and state study compass point hospital scene methods ( including type of survey trying and reappraisal procedures profession of informations gatherer agencies of sensing mistake ) definitions used the mistake rate and any other relevant information captured by the survey, such as badness of mistakes, type of mistake and medicine normally associated with mistakes. Datas were entered into an Excel spreadshee t for easiness of handling, and The Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS Statistics 17.0 ) was used for informations analysis.Quantitative Data AnalysisThe surveies retrieved by the hunt were extremely heterogenous nevertheless the incidence and per centum of ordering mistakes were reported in each survey, and because average mistake rates and inter-quartile furies ( IQRs ) was used to analyze the information. To be included, studied had to describe the rate of erroneous orders and mistakes per admittance. To ease comparing across surveies, these rates were converted to common denominators rates per nose candy admittances, per 100 medicine orders and per 100 drug chart reviewed. When publications gave informations from two or more surveies where the methodological analysis was similar, the consequences were aggregated into a average rate.Calculation of incidence and per centum of ordering mistakesThe incidence of ordering mistakes in each survey was careful utilizing the undermentioned equation ( eqation1 ) Incidence =The per centum of all prescribing mistakes that were reported in each survey was calculated utilizing following equation ( equation 2 ) % of ordering mistakes =LITERATURE SEARCH RESULTSThe electronic hunt identified 423 publications. After initial demonstrate of the abstracts, 325 publications did non run into the inclusion standards. The staying 98 publications were obtained in full text and assessed for suitableness, as shown in figure 1. Searching of the mention lists of the included publications indentified a farther 13 eligible surveies. In all, 16 publications were included. The chief grounds for exclusion were absent or deficient informations to cipher incident rates ( n=46 ) informations included disposal mistakes, outpatient prescriptions, and/or verbal and electronic prescriptions ( n=21 ) reported rates were of intercessions or misdemeanors of policy non deemed mistakes ( n=25 ) and duplicate of antecedently publishe d information ( n=3 ) .Figure 1 Flow diagram of the showing procedurePotentially relevant publications identified and screened for retrieval ( n= 423 )Publications retrieved for more elaborate rating ( n=98 )Studied ( n=16 ) in the literature reappraisalPublications non run intoing inclusion standards ( n=325 )Further publications indentified from seeking mention lists ( n= 13 )Publications non run intoing inclusion standards ( n=94 )surveies with no information or sufficient informations to cipher incident rates ( n=46 )surveies in which informations include disposal mistakes, outpatients, verbal and electronic prescriptions ( n=21 )Surveies that report rates of intercessions or solely misdemeanors of policy that are non deemed mistakes ( n=25 )Duplicate surveies ( n=3 ) body of work FeaturesState and DateFeatures of the 11 eligible surveies are summarized in add-in 1 ( APPENDIX I ) . Most surveies were conducted in the UK ( 6/16 ) or the US ( 6/16 ) . Other states included Canada ( n=3 ) , and The Netherlands ( n=1 ) . Over 80 per centum of surveies were published after 2000 ( 13/16 )Types of HospitalsFifty per centum of studied ( 8/16 ) were conducted in university-affiliated infirmaries, succession half-dozen surveies ( 37.5 % ) were conducted in paediatric infirmary. The remainder ( 12.5, 2/16 ) were conducted in either mental wellness infirmary or wellness Centre. add up of HospitalsSixty-nine per centum of surveies ( 11/16 ) were carried out on individual infirmary sites, 12.5 % ( 2/16 ) were carried out in two infirmary sites, 12.5 % ( 2/16 ) in nine sites, and 6.3 % ( 1/16 ) in 24 sites.FortesThirty-one per centum ( 5/16 ) of surveies were conducted in all grownup wards, one survey ( 6.25 % ) did non country the type of forte, and the staying 62.5 % ( 10/16 ) were carried out in certain fortes. Specifically, 37.5 % ( 6/16 ) included merely kids s fortes or were conducted entirely in pediatric infirmaries, and 18.75 % ( 3/16 ) were carried out in checkup and surgical wards. Although one survey was conducted strictly in critical attention units, the age scope of patients was non declared.Study DesignOne-half of the surveies ( 8/16 ) were prospective in design and 43.75 % ( 7/16 ) were retrospective. There is merely a survey conducted by Kozer et Al. ( 2008 ) was randomised controlled test ( RCT ) . The shortest period of informations aggregation was 12 yearss and the longest was 9 old ages.Three surveies by Cimino et Al. ( 2004 ) , Kozer et Al. ( 2005 ) and Kozer et Al. ( 2006 ) collected information before and after intercession, in these instances, merely information from the baseline or the control arm were used to measure the per centums and incidence of ordering mistakes in infirmary inmates. This was due to the fact that nature of ordering mistakes could be represented by a baseline group instead than an intercession group.Methods of Error DetectionDatas aggregators were most commonly druggists ( 12/16, 75 % ) , while both druggists and nurses collected informations in a survey by Cimino et Al ( 2004 ) . Four chief methods were used among surveies showing of prescriptions, direct notice, reappraisal of patient s medical records, and anon. mistake study. Fifty per centum of surveies ( 8/16 ) detected prescription mistakes as portion of usual showing by druggists. Four surveies ( 25 % ) used perceivers to roll up informations straight as portion of their everyday work. Three surveies ( 18.75 % ) detected ordering mistakes by reappraisal of patient s medical records, which were carried out by paediatric doctors instead than druggists and those referees were blinded to analyze variable. There is merely a survey ( 6.25 % ) used the combination methods of patient s medical record reappraisal and anon. mistake study.Definitions of Ordering MistakesThe definition of a prescribing mistake was markedly varied ( Table 4, APPENDIX II ) , with 57 % of surveies ( 9/16 ) developing their ain definitions or mod ifying 1s used in old surveies. Two surveies ( 12.5 % ) used a definition of ordering mistakes developed by doyen et Al. ( 2000 ) . Almost one-third of surveies ( 31.25 % ) did non province any definition.Harmonizing to Dean et Al. ( 2000 ) , a definition of a prescribing mistake is A clinically meaningful ordering mistake occurs when, as a consequence of a prescribing determination or prescription composing procedure, there is an unwilled important decrease in the chance of intervention cosmos timely and effectual, or an addition in the hazard of injury when compared with by and large accepted pattern .Incidence of Ordering MistakesThe incidence of ordering mistakes, which derived from equation 1 and 2 ( Table 4, APPENDIX I ) was reported as the figure of prescription mistakes per the figure of admittances, medicine orders or drug charts reviewed in the survey period ( Table 1 ) . Most surveies ( 75 % , 12/16 ) reported the per centum of erroneous ordering mistakes, the median of which was 5.15 % ( IQR 2.13-10.68 % ) . First, three surveies provided an incidence of ordering mistakes per admittance, the median of this was 1.27 ( IQR 0.96-2.30 ) mistakes per 100 admittances. Second, four surveies provided an incidence of ordering mistakes per medicine orders, the median of which was 12.85 ( IQR 10.09-13.63 ) mistakes per 100 medicine orders. Third, four surveies reported an incident of ordering mistakes per drug charts reviewed, the median of this was 6.50 ( IQR 4.35-8.53 ) mistakes per 100 drug charts reviewed. However, the four balance of surveies ( 25 % , 4/16 ) did non do in clear whether medicine orders were reported as holding more than one mistake, and because were excluded in the computation.The per centum of all prescribing mistakes that were reported in each survey was shown in Table 1. The median of which was 9.25 % ( IQR 2.34-13.50 ) . The lowest prescribing mistake rate ( 0.15 % ) was derived from ordering mistakes describing based survey and the highest mistake rate was ( 59 % ) resulted from a combination of two methods of mistake sensing patient s medical record reappraisal and anon. mistake study.Writers ( twelvemonth )Number of Prescribing mistakesNumber of Medication ordersPercentage of Ordering mistakesIncidence of ordering mistakeper admittances, medicine orders or drug charts reviewedMedianof Incidence( IQR )Dean et Al.( 2002 )53836,1681.50 %1.30per 100 admittances1.27 ( IQR 0.96-2.30 )per 100 admittancesLesar et Al.( 1997 )11,1863,903,4330.29 %5.29per 100 admittancesLesar et Al.( 2002 )5240213.00 %1.23per 100 admittancesRoss et Al.( 2000 )195130,0000.15 %0.15per 100 admittancesKozer et Al.( 2005 )6841116.60 %13.30per 100 medicine orders12.85 ( IQR 10.09-13.63 ) per 100 medicine ordersKozer et Al.( 2006 )6653312.40 %12.40per 100 medicine ordersNeville et Al.( 1989 )50415,91615.00 %3.17per 100 medicine ordersRidley et Al.( 2004 )3,14121,5893.17 %14.60per 100 medicine ordersAbdel-Qader et Al. ( 2010 )6647,9208.40 %8.00per 100 drug charts reviewed6.50 ( IQR 4.35-8.53 ) per 100 drug charts reviewedKozer et Al.( 2002 )1541,53210.10 %10.10per 100 drug charts reviewedStubbs et Al.( 2006 )52322,0362.40 %2.40per 100 drug charts reviewedTaylor et Al.( 2005 )21235859.00 %5.00per 100 drug charts reviewedCimino et Al.( 2004 )133512,02611.10 %N/AN/AFijn et Al.( 2002 )24544955.00 %N/AHendey et Al.( 2005 )1778,1952.16 %N/AJones( 1978 )1142,2375.10 %N/AMedian( IQRa )9.25 %( IQR 2.34-13.5 % )5.15 %( IQR 2.13-10.68 % )a IQR Inter-quartile fury C N/A Not applicable Table 1 Incidence of ordering mistakesTypes of Ordering Mistakes DetectedAll surveies reported on the types of mistakes, shown in Table 2, provided figure of surveies and per centums for each mistake type. Wrong dosage, haywire drug and incorrect dot signifier were the most normally reported mistakes ( 93.75 % , 15/16 surveies ) , the 2nd most frequent of ordering mistakes ( 81.25 % ) reported were incorrect frequence, skip of doses and incorrec t path ( 13/16 surveies ) . The balance was accounted for by incorrect measure ( 75 % ) , inaccurate information ( 56.25 % ) , incorrect patients ( 50 % ) , incorrect units ( 43.75 % ) , and contraindicated due to allergy ( 25 % ) .Table 2 Type of ordering mistakes detectedType of ordering mistakes detectedNumber of surveies utilizing( n = 16 )Percentages( % )Incorrect dosage1593.75Incorrect drug1593.75Incorrect dose signifier1593.75Incorrect frequence1381.25Omission of doses1381.25Incorrect path1381.25Incorrect measure1275.00Inaccurate information956.25Incorrect patients850.00Incorrect units743.75Contraindicated due to allergy425.00Badness of Detected Prescribing MistakesA one-fourth of all the surveies ( 75 % , 12/16 ) reported the categorization of the badness of ordering mistake, while the balance ( 25 % , 4/16 ) did non province how they were classified. Among surveies that reported badness, eight surveies ( 50 % ) provided their ain categorization of ordering mistake badness. Two surveies based badness standards on the work of Lesar et Al. ( 1990 ) and a survey based their standards on the work of Overhage & A Lukes ( 1999 ) . One survey by Lesar et Al. ( 1997 ) rated badness harmonizing to their ain alteration of Lesar et Al. ( 1990 ) .Table 3 lists how different surveies categorised the badness of ordering mistakes under the headers of 16 writers. This disparity made it im thinkable to compare badness across the surveies.Table 3 Badness categorization for ordering mistakesWriters ( twelvemonth )Severity Classification of ordering mistakesAbdel-Qader et Al. ( 2010 )A. Potential lethal ( Life endangering )B. SeriousC. SignificantD. MinorE. No mistake ( No injury )Cimino et Al. ( 2004 )6 Death5 Permanent injury4 Need for intervention3 Require monitoring1-2 Mistake occurred without injury0 No mistakeDean et Al. ( 2002 )Potentially seriousNot seriousKozer et Al. ( 2002 )SevereSignificantMinimal hazardInsignificantKozer et Al. ( 2005 )SevereSignificantMinim al hazardInsignificantLesar et Al. ( 1997 )A. SignificantB. MinorC. No mistakeLesar et Al. ( 2002 )Potentially fatal or terrible inauspicious resultsPotentially serious resultsPotentially important inauspicious resultsNeville et Al. ( 1989 )Type A potentially serious to patientType Bacillus major nuisanceType C minor nuisanceType D FiddlingRidley et Al. ( 2004 )Potentially life endangeringSeriousSignificantMinorNo adverseStubbs et Al. ( 2006 ) site 1 Doubtful or negligible importanceGrade 2 Minor inauspicious effectsGrade 3 Serious effects or backslidingGrade 4 FatalityGrade 5 Un-rateable Insufficient informationTaylor et Al. ( 2005 )SevereSeriousSignificantProblemInsignificantFijn et Al. ( 2002 )Not statedHendey et Al. ( 2005 )Not statedJones ( 1978 )Not statedKozer et Al. ( 2006 )Not statedRoss et Al. ( 2000 )Not statedDiscussionSixteen surveies run intoing the inclusion standards were identified and informations abstracted. Uniting the grounds from the literature about incidence, nature and badness of ordering mistakes in infirmary inmate has helped to cast greater visible radiation on what and how mistakes occur. As the epidemiology of these jobs was able to depict, the likeliness of injury related to medicines would be reduced.Features and demographicsVariation in the mistake scope was non affected by different either state across the universe or fortes. The twelvemonth of surveies included in this literature reappraisal astray varied between 1978 and 2010. However, there was no consequence of a alteration in mistakes with nip of survey, proposing that there has been no rationalising of methodological analysis over clip or betterment in ordering competency. Besides, there was no medical-specialty or geographical consequence observed, proposing neither a consistence of methodological analysis nor of mistake rates in peculiar states and medical scenes.Incidence of ordering mistakesThis literature reappraisal reports the great fluctuation of ordering mista ke rates because the surveies retrieved by the hunt were highly heterogenous but it was feasible to group them by the type of denominator. Therefore the computation of average mistake rates and inter-quartile scope is valid manner of passing game the information. The average rate of ordering mistakes was 9.25 % ( IQR 2.34-13.5 % ) , while the average rates of mistake incidence utilizing three different denominators were 1.27 ( IQR 0.96-2.30 ) per 100 admittances, 12.85 ( IQR 10.09-13.63 ) per 100 medicine orders and 6.50 ( IQR 4.25-8.53 ) per 100 drugs charts reviewed. These reported rates vary unusually, as shown by the broad IQRs, and can non be compared due to differences in methodological analysiss, mistake definitions, scenes and population employed.To be specific, illustrations of survey methods doing fluctuation in ordering mistake rates could be illustrated. The incidence of ordering mistakes was significantly underestimated by utilizing a self-generated coverage system b ecause merely a fraction of medicine mistakes could be detected by this method. In add-on, the surveies utilizing self-generated describing design demonstrated less ability to observe mistakes than those utilizing patient s medical record design. Even so, the reappraisal of patient records which is a nature of retrospective, yielded small prospect for followup and be able to place merely those noted in the records.In the visible radiation of methodological analysiss, studied that utilizing a direct observation method were likely to be the most comprehensive and accurate. Furthermore, Flynn et Al. ( 2002 ) besides stated that observation techniques were more efficient and precise than reexamining chart and incident coverage system in order to observe prescription mistakes. Conversely, Buckley et Al. ( 2007 ) and Kopp et Al. ( 2006 ) argued that surveies that utilised the direct observation attack were unfastened to the Hawthorne consequence. This meant that subjects behavior was alt ered due to the fact that they are being observed in other words, if physicians built consciousness of being observed, they whitethorn hold improved or modified their prescribing manners.Furthermore, this error-rate variableness could besides be partially explained by the different factors in scenes and populations. Some surveies were carried out in a individual scene or a group of patients such as ICU scenes or entirely in pediatric patients. This may impact generalisability of the consequence and did non demo a similar tendency of ordering mistakes.Definitions of ordering mistakesIncompatibility in the definitions of ordering mistakes was another of import consideration. Most surveies developed their ain definitions, some of these were subjective. For case, a prescribing mistakes is prescription non appropriate for the patient . In contrast, others were more specific in their mistake definitions Mistakes related to dosage signifiers were defined as those in which there was an order for the inappropriate usage of a specific dose signifier, an order for the incorrect dose signifier ( mistakes of committee ) , or the failure to stipulate the right dose signifier when more than 1 dose signifier is normally available ( mistake of skip ) . Yet, marked fluctuations in mistake definitions have besides been found in surveies in pediatricss and mental health care. This effect of variableness has leaded to the preparation of a practitioner-led definition of a prescribing mistake. Even though the definition by Dean et Al. ( 2000 ) was the most common one, it was used by merely 19 % ( 3/16 ) of surveies.Badness of detected prescribing mistakesThe badness of detected prescribing mistakes is indispensable because it can be used to measure the consequences of possible injury. Harmonizing to World Health Organization ( WHO ) , the possible badness of the mistake identified was buttockss by five Judgess utilizing a graduated table from 0 ( no injury ) to 10 ( decease ) . This method showed that a average badness mark of less than 3 indicates an mistake of minor badness, a mark between 3 and 7 inclusive indicates moderate badness and a mark of more than 7 major badness. However, the deficiency of standardization between badness graduated tables of each included surveies in this literature reappraisal was an obstruction to compare outcomes straight.The most common signifier of ordering mistake was composing the incorrect dosage and composing the patient s name falsely, which accounted for 50 % of all mistake badness found by the research in six Oxford infirmaries ( Audit Commission, 2001 ) . A survey of 192 prescription charts in infirmary inmate, there were merely 7 % of those charts right filled 79 % had mistakes that posed minor possible wellness hazards and the balance ( 14 % ) had mistakes that could hold led to serious injury.There are many beginnings of ordering mistakes and different ways of avoiding them. Promoting consciousness that dosing mistakes are possible to do from clip to clip, and hence it of import to take measure to understate the hazards. Iedema et Al. ( 2006 ) suggested that the indispensable constituents of this are to supervise for and identify mistakes. Besides, they should be reported in a blame-free environment so that their root causes can be analysed before altering processs harmonizing to the lessons learnt and farther monitoring.Types of ordering mistakes detectedThere are many restrictions lending to the variableness of types of ordering mistakes. For illustration, some surveies were conducted in peculiar phase of the patient s stay in infirmary such as admittance or discharge. These surveies, as a consequence, reported higher rates of peculiar types of mistake such as skip, incorrect frequence or duplicate. Furthermore, some surveies were carried out in a short continuance, and therefore the Numberss of types of ordering mistakes may be under-reported as they had less clip to place and roll up informations. With this in head, the same method to enter prescribing mistakes could usefully be applied across a figure of patient s phases and longer continuance of informations aggregation.This reappraisal found that mistakes of dose were the most common type of ordering mistakes reported. In conformity with old surveies, a systemic reappraisal of medicine mistakes in pediatric patients by Ghaleb et Al. ( 2006 ) and another survey by Winterstein et Al. ( 2004 ) besides showed that dose mistakes was the most common type of medicine mistakes which were initiated during physicians prescribing. To better this job, instruction has been highlighted as an country for intercessions. A survey that surveyed twelvemonth 1 junior physicians in the UK found that drug dosing was a peculiar country that those physicians would welcome to be covered in the instruction of clinical pharmacological medicine.Impact of instruction and preparation on ordering mistakesOrdering mistakes are normally mu lti-factorial, but cognition of medical specialties and anterior preparation are of import for the betterment of ordering mistakes. About 30 % of ordering mistakes caused by failure in the airing of drug cognition, peculiarly amongst physicians. A systemic reappraisal by Ross and Loke ( 2009 ) demonstrated that ordering public demonstration can be improved by educational intercessions. However, most surveies included in their reappraisal have relied on appraisals early after intercession and under controlled conditions instead than infirmary wards. Furthermore, it is possible that competent prescribers competency take non to go to the tutorial preparation. Thus, farther research into whether any public presentation benefit extends significantly beyond the preparation period is needed.What besides evident in this literature reappraisal was the wellness attention professionals who played a important function in the procedure of ordering mistake sensing. Specifically, druggists were good placed to competently handle informations on mistakes, and were intentionally recruited for forestalling prescribing mistakes and bettering medicine use.Additionally, a meta-analysis survey showed that druggists were the most complete(a) chart-reviewers in inpatient infirmary. However, there have been some mistakes remained undetected.Study restrictionsMany restrictions of the included surveies can be described in item. One of major restrictions is possible categorization predetermine that can non be wholly eliminated. The studied conducted by Taylor et Al. ( 2005 ) and Stubbs et Al. ( 2006 ) found that even the writers met often to discourse mistake badness evaluations before a class was assign to an mistake, inter-observer variableness was non officially assessed. Fijn et Al ( 2002 ) suggested that this prejudice could be minimised by utilizing patient information sheets as a mention to place mistakes. This is in conformity with the surveies by Lesar et Al. ( 2002 ) and Ab del-Qader et Al. ( 2010 ) , as anticipation of possible injury was based on several factors such as pharmacological, disease province and single patient features same mistake may bring forth a serious inauspicious consequence in one patient but have minimum effects in another. Yet, it was possible that patient-specific information might be unequal which limited the ability of centralized staff druggists to to the full measure the rightness of drug therapy for an single patient ( Lesar et al. , 1997 ) .A farther survey restriction related to the design of surveies. A retrospective design limited available informations because it could non observe many mistakes in drug disposal. Besides, a prospective design and a randomised control test ( Kozer et al. , 2006 ) which identified mistakes through chart auditing, may non observe some mistakes and could non supply deterrent about results of mistakes. This is due to a possibility that the physicians made fewer mistakes cognizing that the y were studied. In contrast, Dean et Al. ( 2002 ) argued that the prospective method had advantages as druggists routinely reviewed all drug charts and met patients, every bit good as participated in a portion of multidisciplinary squad at the clip of the patient s hospitalization. This interaction would therefore supply more information about each patient available to druggists than to those retrospectively reexamining the medical notes.Although a cardinal strength of this literature reappraisal is the scope of databases searched, there are three restrictions. First, non-English linguistic communication surveies were excluded and there may hold been relevant surveies published in other linguistic communications that were non detected. Second, surveies describing mistake incidence might be published in diaries that were non indexed by searched databases could non be included. However, to cut down this hazard, a hunt of the mention lists of included surveies had been carried out. Fin ally, the abstracts that had limited information were excluded, and accordingly exist international work or work in advancement might be missed and could non farther add to understanding of incidence, nature and badness of ordering mistakes.DecisionOrdering mistakes are prevailing, impacting a median of 13 % medicine orders, 7 % of drug charts reviewed and 1.3 % of hospital admittances. Despite this, the scopes of these findings are really broad, which partially may be qualified upon surveies populations, scenes and methods. The bulk of included surveies were prospective in design and used druggists as informations aggregators in university-affiliated infirmaries.The deficiency of standardization among different surveies, peculiarly the issues around definitions and badness of ordering mistakes, was a barrier to broaden cognition of the extent of ordering mistakes. This country for development is worth giving our attending to set about future research. The consequences of each su rvey could be more confidently integrated, saying the standardization could be achieved. Therefore, this will supply a clearer image of incidence, nature and badness of ordering mistakes.In add-on, farther strict surveies in an country of formalizing a methodological analysis and intercession should be conducted to get the better of trouble in aggregating mistake informations and guaranty patient safety.

Adn vs Bsn – Differences

Adn vs Bsn Differences Raven Masters University of Phoenix September 24, 2010 Adn vs Bsn Differences In the late 1850s Florence Nightingale started her own school to train fellates and developed standards by which nurses performed their duties. She may never have envisioned that one day there would be protestent educational tracks resulting in multiple degrees and disciplines in c atomic number 18 for, each having their own redact of criteria for excellence.Associate degree nurse (ADN) and baccalaureate degree nurse (BSN) are the two most common entry level breast feeding positions. An ADN can be obtained in two or three age whereas the BSN takes four years of education to complete due to additional courses. Differences between the degrees begin with education and mature as the nurse gains capture. Raines and Taglairenis (2008) article states ADN and BSN nurses attend the same basic plentiful arts and general education courses such as English, literature, history, math, hum anities, and arts.Both have basic nursing courses, the same technical skill sets are taught, and nurses must pass the same National Council Licensing Examination for RNs (NCLEX-RN) which measures minimum technical competency for entry-level nursing practice. Colleges will differ in the exact requirements for each degree provided the comm unity college ADN program consists of approximately 75 course credits of which 38 are science and liberal arts prerequisites, and 37 credits are in the nursing major.The four-year college and university BSN program consists of approximately 124 credit hours of which 62 are in liberal arts and sciences prerequisites, and 62 are in the nursing major. BSN coursework has more in depth study for nursing research, informatics, management, and technology. These additional courses put more emphasis on theory, developing deprecative thinking skills, and leadership skills. The increased emphasis on theory and communication builds collaborative decision-maki ng skills. In ADN courses nurses learn how to do long-suffering care nursing tasks but not as much time is spent on the why of nursing nterventions. obtains, regardless of educational background, must understand nursing care, perform nursing tasks, and conduct themselves professionally. These competencies are measurable or observable knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviors critical to successful job performance. When first entering the workforce differences in ADN and BSN competencies are not right away seen. According to the secondary analysis of the 1999 RN Practice Analysis by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing differences in the averages between ADN and BSN educated nurses were negligible (Smith, 2002).Pay rate are usually even when the nurses first enter the workforce but as experience is obtained BSN nurses earn higher(prenominal) salaries, usually when they move into leadership positions. constitute on a personal experience, in one magnet hospital ADN n urses were only able to have Registered Nurse II status regardless of years of experience. After only one year of working experience BSN educated nurses were able to become Registered Nurse III status, which paid five dollars an hour more.With that pleonastic pay came other responsibilities such as setting up educational programs for the staff meetings and developing evidence-based research trials on the nursing unit. As the nurse gains experience and strives towards upward mobility in the organization, the differences become evident as hospitals and governing agencies are demanding BSN educated nurses. BSN is becoming the minimum requirement for administrative, research, consulting, and teaching positions. Also, for a nurse to strike advanced practice nursing specialty a nurse must first have a BSN before being admitted to a masters program.This means the ADN educated nurse will not achieve the same level of pay, responsibilities or opportunities as a BSN educated nurse. People a re admitted to the hospital with more complex health conditions and co-morbidities than ever before. Hospitals are looking for ways to decrease adverse patient role outcomes and increase patient safety. McHugh and Lake cited a 2003 study where researchers found that staff nurses with a BSN degree to be significant predictors of patient outcomes. It is thought that the more educated nurses used critical thinking skills and better judgment, which in cover provided higher patient care (McHugh et al. 2010). Assessment skills must be very sharp and nurses with knowledge in theory are able to ask patient questions that hone in on the patients problems. As a result better clinical decisions are made regarding patient care plans. On some hospital units every nurse takes a turn at being a charge nurse and on other units only the BSN-educated nurses are charge nurses. Personal experience has shown there is a difference in patient assignments. The BSN charge nurses used more discernment when judging the acuity of patients and the skills of the nurses on the unit.Patient assignments were more evenly distributed to nurses thereby providing higher quality of patient care. A recent study showed BSN prepared nurses had an impact on lower surgical patient mortality and failure to rescue because those nurses used better critical thinking skills and clinical judgment (McHugh et al. , 2010). According to Ward-Smith (2012), a 10% increase in BSN-educated nurses diminish the odds of patients dying by 4%. McHugh et al. (2010) also noted that nurses learned from each other and having nurses on staff that attained a BSN or higher education resulted in more expertise among all staff.Staff nurses desire an environment that allows them to have more autonomy in decision-making, a voice in how the unit and hospital are governed, and participative management. When hospitals made advances in these three areas, nurse retention was improved (Gormley, 2011). Magnet hospital criteria demands m ore BSN nurses and studies show where the majority of staff nurses are BSN-prepared, they viewed their work environment as positive and quality of patient care higher. Nurse Managers with higher education are better equipped with interpersonal skills and the educational knowledge to create positive work environments for staff RNs.Nurses in positive work environments may be in a better position to incline high quality, safe patient care (Zori, Nosek, & Musil, 2010). Healthcare is continually evolving with advancements in technology and political agendas so nursing organizations, such as the American Nurses Association, are encouraging nurses to obtain higher degrees (American Nurses Association, 2011). Programs such as Grand Canyon Universitys RN to BSN program are evidence that ADN nurses are taking up that challenge. References ANA reaffirms commitment to BSN for entry level into practice Press Release.? American Nurses Association, Nursing Education. Nursingworld. org Retrieved S eptember 16, 2011, http//www. niiringwor1fl,nrg/MainMpniiratpgnrip. /ANAPnlitiralPnwpr/. Stat p/. StatpT. ppislativpAgenda/NiirsingRducatinn l. a. spx Gormley, D. (2011) Are we on the same page? Staff nurse and manager perceptions of work environment, quality of care and anticipated nurse turnover. Journal Of Nursing Management serial online. 19(1)33-40. McHugh, M. , & Lake, E. (2010). Understanding clinical expertise nurse education, experience, and the hospital context. look In Nursing & Health, 33(4), 276-287. doi10. 1002/nur. 20388 Raines, C. , & Taglaireni, M. (2008).Career pathways in nursing entry points and academic progression. Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing, 13(3). Smith, J. (2002). Analysis of differences in entry-level RN practice by educational preparation. Journal Of Nursing Education, 41(11), 491-494. Ward-Smith, P. (2012). Effects of Nurse Staffing and Nurse Education on Patient Deaths in Hospitals with Different Nurse Work Environment. Urologic Nursing, 32(2) , 93. Zori, S. , Nosek, L. , & Musil, C. (2010). Critical Thinking of Nurse Managers Related to Staff RNs Perceptions of the Practice Environment. Journal Of Nursing Scholarship, 42(3), 305-313.

Philosophy Afrterlife Reformation Essay

The ancient philosophers of Greek and Rome generally believed the world to be lasting, inwardness, that the world had no beginning, and thus, it burn never curb an end, too. The people who had pondered some the neckcloths of breeding here on earth, and about life later this present universe ends, have been segregated into bity sects and categories.For the Stoics 1 our universe undergoes the unsteady courses of expansion and contraction in perpetuity from fire the universe expands into cooler and denser forms, contracts again in order to become fire, and so on in an eternal fashion. To the followers of Aristotle, according the author Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know, this world of ours has alship canal existed and always will, and paragon did non create this world.(90) Yet, even the followers of Aristotle, were divide as far as their opinions went.Jostein Gaarder provides as much in Sophies World by indicating that to a select number o f these Aristotelians the world is exchangeable a big clockwork machine in which after a very long interval all the parts come back to the same positions, and the same succession of events then happens again, over and over eternally hu soldiery beings and their actions atomic number 18 part of the clockwork, so everything in hu gentle earths gentle adult male history has already happened an infinite number of propagation already, and will happen again an infinite number of times in the future. (67)Still in Gaarders Sophies World, we read that the early Christians and their faith in the sacrosanct Scriptures believed that their, God created the world a relatively short time ago, exercises continual providence in human history, and will eventually end it, perhaps in the not too distant future, and conduct a grand accounting. Life after death will go on for ever, but life on earth takes place within a fixed and relatively short timeframe, with a beginning, middle, and an end. (72 ) There is a Christian saint in the person of St. Augustine who, detest the Stoic concept of the happy life as inadequate, and proclaimed that in the attached life true happiness will be found. (45)But, according to St. Augustine, they did not say much about what it would be like. (46) St. Augustine went on further to write that, it is as if they were content to leave it to God we can be sure that whatsoever is required to reach out human beings happy will be provided.(57) The Stoics, in the opinion of the said Christian saint, were not much interested in theorizing about happiness in this life, because not everyone can achieve it, it is not important to achieve, it is not of much significance in comparison with the happiness of the next life. (93)In Robert Longmans, Medieval Aristotelians, the author writes that the medieval Aristotelians, theorized about the happiness of the next life, adapting Aristotles ideas for the purpose the happiness of heaven consists of intuitive fr iendship of God himself. (385) Lastly, in St. Augustines own City of God, St. Augustine postulates that the elect are those who are predestined to happiness in the next life. (990) The philosopher, Rene Descartes immortalized the philosophical tenet of, I think, therefore, I am. In Dan Kaufmans Divine Simplicity and the Eternal Truths in Descartes, we come to have a greater understanding about the view of Descartes regarding the afterlife of man. For Descartes, there is a God who is the composer and man who is the composed and composite. 2 Descartes philosophizes that, mans life, death, and life after death is dependent on the will, intellect and understanding of God. (14) Hence, if this is so, for Rene Descartes, if God is the cause of man, then man depends on God also, even in the matter of mans death. Rene Descartes had studied the genius of man and he had stressed the reality behind mans divisibility.We can say that if, for Descartes, man is mind and body, thought and extensio n, and a corporeal being who is believed to be someone who knows that he exists if he is inclined to the figure out of thinking then, it can be derived that mans death comes when man ceases to think. The I cannot think, the I does not think, the I as already mentioned ceases to think, indeed, the I can no longer thinkmost importantly- and the I can no longer declare, Therefore, I am. And so, from this cessation of thought, the status quo of mans existence becomes of this, he does not think, therefore, he is not. (99) In fact, philosophically, the he is no longer, an I.Life after death, we can gain from reading the works of Descartes, would be, according to this philosopher, a posit of being that is entirely dependent on Gods will. Man no longer has a say in it, for he is no longer capable of thinking.John Hobbess Leviathan bears a duality of constitutiond characteristics which stamp it with the mark of genius. Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know discusses the Leviathan, at length, by describing it in this way, In the first place, it is a work of great imaginative power, which shows how the whole fabric of human life and society is built up out of dim-witted elements. And, in the second place, it is distinguished by a remarkable logical consecutiveness, so that there are very few places in which any want of coherence can be detected in the thought. (1001) Sulmner writes how it, is true that the social order, as Hobbes presents it, produces an impression of artificiality but this is hardly an objection, for it was his deliberate aim to show the fraud by which it had been constructed and the danger which lay in any interference with the mechanism. (1024)The author goes on further to include that, It is true, also, that the state of nature and the social contract are fictions passed off as facts but, even to this objection, an answer might be made from within the bounds of his Hobbess theory. It is in his premises, not in hi s reasoning, that the error lies. If human nature were as selfish and anarchical as he represents it, then morality and the political order could arise and flourish only by its restraint, and the alternative would be, as he describes it, between complete insecurity and absolute power. But, if his view of man be mistaken, then the whole fabric of his thought crumbles.When we recognize that the individual is neither real nor intelligible apart from his social origin and traditions, and that the social factor influences his thought and motives, the opposition between self and others becomes less fundamental, the abrupt alternatives of Hobbess thoughts omit their validity and it is possible to regard morality and the state as expressing the ideal and sphere of human activity, and not as simply the chains by which mans unruly passions are kept in check. (1037)For Hobbes, according to Sulmner, for as long as the state of nature endures, life is insecure and wretched. Man cannot reform t his state, but he can get out of it therefore, the fundamental law of nature is to seek peace and follow it and, from this, emerges the second law, that, for the sake of peace, a man should be willing to lay down his right to all things, when other men are, also, willing to do so. From these two are derived all the laws of nature of the moralists. The laws of nature are immutable and eternal. (1048). And so, for Hobbes, life after death, would be the experience of absolute escape from his present state of life here on earth.Jostein Gaarder provides a chapter in Sophies World on how, John Locke opened a new way for English philosophy. (261) Locke had patterned his philosophies from those of Francis Bacon, Hobbes, and the other forefathers of modern philosophy. Sophies World presents how, Bacon had do more he had found dangers and defects in the natural working of mens minds, and had devised means to correct them.But Locke went a step further, and undertook a domineering investigati on of the human understanding with a view to determining something elsenamely, the truth and certainty of knowledge, and the grounds of belief, on all matters about which men are in the habit of making assertions. (262) In his manner, Locke introduced a new method of philosophical enquiry, which is, now known as a theory of knowledge, or epistemology and, in this respect, he was the precursor of Kant and anticipated what Kant called the critical method. (279) Sophies World also provides us with this knowledge of how, we have Lockes own account of the origin of the problem in his mind. He struck out a new way because he found the old paths blocked. Five or six friends were conversing in his room, probably in London and in the winter of 16701, on a subject very remote from this the subject, as we learn from another member of the party, was the principles of morality and revealed religion but difficulties arose on every side, and no progress was made. Then, he goes on to say, it came i nto my thoughts that we took a wrong course, and that before we set ourselves upon inquires of that nature, it was necessary to examine our own abilities, and see what objects our understandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with. (262)Again, Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know writes about Locke, At the request of his friends, Locke agreed to set down his thoughts on this question against their next clashing and he expected that a single sheet of paper would suffice for the purpose. So little did he realize the magnitude of the issues which he raised and which were to encroach upon his leisure for nearly twenty years. (2765) Sulmner informs by highlighting, Lockes interest centers in the traditional problemsthe nature of self, the world and God, and the grounds of our knowledge of them. We reach these questions only in the fourth and last book of the Essay. But to them the enquiry of the first three books is preliminary, though it has, and Lock e saw that it had, an importance of its own. His introductory sentences make this plain Since it is the understanding that sets man above the rest of sensible beings, and gives him all the advantage and dominion which he has over them it is certainly a subject, even for its nobleness, worth our labor to inquire into.The understanding, like the eye, while it makes us see and perceive all other things, takes no notice of itself and it requires art and pains to set it at a distance and make it its own object. But whatever be the difficulties that lie in the way of this inquiry whatever it be that keeps us so much in the tenebrific to ourselves sure I am that all the light we can let in upon our minds, all the acquaintance we can make with our own understandings, will not only be very pleasant, but bring us great advantage, in directing our thoughts in the search of other things. (2766)What Students of Philosophy Should Know concludes for us that, Locke will not meddle with the physica l consideration of the mind he has no theory about its essence or its relation to the body at the same time, he has no doubt that, if due pains be taken, the understanding can be studied like anything else we can observe its objects and the ways in which it operates upon them. All the objects of the understanding are described as ideas, and ideas are spoken of as being in the mind. Lockes first problem, therefore, is to trace the origin and history of ideas, and the ways in which the understanding operates upon them, in order that he may be able to see what knowledge is and how far it reaches. (2800)In Sulmners book, we can read that, This wide use of the term idea is inherited from Descartes. The term in modern psychology which corresponds with it most nearly is unveiling. But presentation is, strictly, only one variety of Lockes idea, which includes, also, representation and image, percept, and concept or notion. His usage of the term thus differs so widely from the old Platonic meaning that the danger of confusion between them is not great.It suited the authors purpose, also, from being a familiar word in ordinary discourse as well as in the language of philosophers. Herein, however, lay a danger from which he did not escape. In common usage idea carries with it a hint of contrast with reality and the opposition which the new way of ideas excited was due to the doubt which it seemed to cast on the claim of knowledge to be a knowledge of real things.(2817)Perhaps, for Locke, life after death, is something that can be located in mans mind.This is what we can gather from studies of philosophers, throughout history, about life after death 1.) in the next life true happiness will be found, 2.) the happiness of heaven consists of intuitive knowledge of God himself, 3.) a state of being that is entirely dependent on Gods will, 4.) life after death, would be the experience of absolute escape from his present state of life here on earth, and finally, 5.)something that can be located in mans mind.And as for the matter, of which would be true amongst these theories? Well, we shall see which, but in the next life.WORKS CITEDDe Torre, Joseph M. The Humanism of Modern Philosophy, 3d ed. Madrid Solaris Press, 1999.Gaarder, Jostein. Sophies World. London Phoenix Books, 1996 Reprint, Phoenix Books,1998.Kaufmann, Dan. Divine Simplicity and the Eternal Truths In Descartes. British journal for the History of Philosophy UK, Vol. ii Issue 4, 2003.Longman, Robert. Medieval Aristotelians. Translated by Thomas Charles. New York Random House Publishing, 1992.Sulmner, Leopold.What Students of Philosophy Should Know. Singapore Allyn and Bacon, 1996.1 De Torre, Joseph M. The Humanism of Modern Philosophy, 3d ed. Madrid Solaris Press, 1999.2 Man in being composedcomposite, has external parts and a soul. He is divisible, according to his parts. And he is created by God, the composer.